![]() ![]() Petroleum is a vital source of energy for most human activities. Furthermore, future research directions for microbial cell immobilization techniques are discussed. The use of nano-bio-catalysts in bioprocesses is an effective strategy for achieving economic feasibility in many processes. The biotechnology applications of nano-biocatalyst in bioprocessing are covered including biosorption of pollutants from wastewater and stimulants in biofuel production processes for green energy generation. The benefits and drawbacks of immobilization techniques are included. This review throws some light on the recent advances in the immobilization of microbial cell techniques onto nanoparticles as a carrier where they are subsequently used as a nano-bio-stimulator in bioprocessing. The nanoparticles are interesting for immobilizing microbes due to their unique physicochemical properties. Moreover, nanoparticles as biomass support are an advanced strategy in bioremediation. Cell-immobilization contributes to improved microbial performance, protection of microbes, and further biomass degradation. Immobilization of microbial cells on nanomaterials opens up broad prospects in biotechnology applications including environmental pollution control and enhancement of biofuel production. The better fitting for equilibrium sorption process data was satisfactorily by the Freundlich isotherm model with (R 2 = 0.9665) and the adsorption kinetics best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Therefore it can be disposed of without environmental damage. The experimental results show at increases the amount adsorbent dosage, pH and contact times, the removal efficiencies were increases and optimum condition was obtained at pH value equal to 9, 5000 ppm adsorbent dose and 45 minutes contact time for removal about 94.5% of crude oil, for test sample initial crude oil concentration 257.06 ppm. Batch tests were employed as a function of the contact time, adsorbent dose, and the pH of the solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the biosorbent before and after adsorption. ![]() A papyrus reed, as a type of unusable farming waste, was used as a kind of low-cost biosorbent for the elimination a crude oil from produced water that was produced in an Al-Ahdab field, Iraq, in a batch stirred operation mode. ![]()
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